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2012-01-13T17:27:23+01:00

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Biodiversity and the Debate on GM crops. July 15, 2010

2009-12-02T07:16:06+01:00

1. The Issue
Genetically engineered crops are often taken automatically for the main reason of biodiversity loss.
There are numerous false claims of this kind, such as Vandana Shiva gives in her frequent world tours: Shiva, V., Emani, A., & Jafri, A.H. (1999) Globalization and threat to seed security - Case of transgenic cotton trials in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 34, 10-11, pp 601-613 http://www.ask-force.org/web/Cotton/Shiva-Globalisation-Threat-Seed-Security-1999.pdf
“In such a situation, the introduction of genetically engineered (GE) seeds becomes worrisome. In absence of any such regulation, the costlier GE seeds will offer no guarantee for whether they perform well or not. This will lead to complete erosion of the agricultural biodiversity and adversely affect the socio-economic status of the farmers. This will be further aggravated since GE seeds will be patented, and corporations will treat information about them as proprietary.”
And another citation from Greenpeace Great Britain, downloaded from their website November 12, 2009:
(http://www.ask-force.org/web/Fundamentalists/Greenpeace-Biodiversity-GB-website-20091112.pdf AND http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/gm)
“The introduction of genetically modified (GM) food and crops has been a disaster. The science of taking genes from one species and inserting them into another was supposed to be a giant leap forward, but instead they pose a serious threat to biodiversity and our own health. In addition, the real reason for their development has not been to end world hunger but to increase the stranglehold multinational biotech companies already have on food production.”
The contrary is true, GM crops can help reduce the application of herbicides which are problematic for the environment, and a plethora of hard data proofs that non-target insects often survive quite well in Bt maize fields, whereas in non-GM crop fields, often the non-target organisms suffer from massive spraying of chemicals problematic to the environment and life. Another set of hard facts has been generated from the no-tillage culture of herbicide tolerant soybeans, where it is proven that soil fertility is greatly enhanced.

2. Summary
The need for biodiversity on all levels is made clear: Biodiversity provides a source of significant economic, aesthetic, health and cultural benefits (3.). Relationsships between biodiversity and ecosystems is given in a table (3.1.) and a new concept of sustainability with more emphasis on development and progress is given (3.2.)
Types of biodiversity are often used without clear definition: genetic biodiversity - species diversity and ecosystem diversity are all part of biodiversity (4.).
A short chapter on global distribution on biodiversity closes the general part (5).

The loss of biodiversity has one main reason: habitat destruction through urbanization, land use and agriculture (6.1.). Another threat to indigenous biodiversity is invasive species and species migration due to human activities (6.2.). Biodiversity is a kind of biological insurance for ecosystem processes (6.3.).
In chapter 7 crop biodiversity gets a closer look: the genome of transgenic crops is not basically different from non-transgenic crops (7.1.).). Strikingly enough, the ancestral crop species chosen by the first farmers have lived in monodominant stands (7.2.). Agricultural biodiversity is characterized through high dynamics of all processes (7.3 and 7.4).
Chapter 8 deals with a series of proposals on how to enhance agricultural biodiversity through (landscape) management (8.1.), mixed cropping (8.2.), enhancing crop diversity through fostering orphan crops (8.3.) varietal mixture of genes and seeds of the same crop (8.4.), allow indirectly more diversity of non-target insects with the use of pest resistant transgenic crops and by reducing pesticide use and through no-tillage (8.5.), push-and-pull technologies (8.6.), better plant breeding (8.7), enhancing natural resistance with biotechnology (8.8.).
In an interlude chapter 9 on the activities of the protest industry and opponent scientists it is explained why the obvious success of GM crops is not really making progress in Europe.
In chapter 10, two case studies on GM crops are given with some detail on how those crops with widespread commercialization are helping efficiently to regain biodiversity in regions with intensive and industrial agriculture: Herbicide tolerant crops (10.1.) and pest tolerant Bt crops (10.2.)
In a final chapter 11, the health benefits of Bt maize are documented: transgenic Bt maize has much lower mycotoxin levels than non-transgenic maize.
The full text under the following link: http://www.ask-force.org/web/AF-11-Biodiversity/AF-11-Biodiversity-Biotechnology-20100715-web.pdf

for feedbacks, write to klaus dot ammann at ips dot unibe dot ch, and on special request and for private use you will get an open source version of the full text

Rethinking Communication Strategy in the Debate on GM crops. June 10, 2010

2009-11-24T18:37:52+01:00

Summary
Introduction: After giving a general survey on the strategy of the debate on GM crops worldwide (1.1), illusions and realities on the education on educational effects on the debate are discussed, (1.2). The role of the internet is often underestimated (1.3), and the same counts for the influence of the economy on the debate and public perception (1.4.).
Regulation: The dialogue on regulation of GM crops is a complex set of issues (2.1.). The role of peer reviewed literature needs careful consideration and more appreciation (2.2). A crucial element in this debate is the often over-estimated difference between GM and non-GM crops (2.3.). The exorbitant and unjustified costs and lost benefits of over-regulation and the reasons behind are discussed. Biofortification is one of the most efficient and sustainable ways of foreign aid today (2.4.) The example of the Golden Rice regulation demonstrates an unfortunate follow-up of regulatory misconceptions (2.5.).
Communication and Debate: The dispute between scientists and opponents is unfortunately often dominated by cheap propaganda of the protest corporations for commercial reasons (3.1.). The use of strong language in this debate is discussed in detail with recent and historical examples (3.2.). As a rule negative statements on GM crops do (or should) not pass peer review, with some notable examples discussed (3.3.).
Debate improvements: Some proposals are given on how to solve these complex problems stemming from low acceptability – the example of the ASK-FORCE organization as one of the solutions (4.1.). There is also a need for a long term discourse organized along the strategy and thinking of the Systems Approach (4.2.) by using internetworking in a creative way.
(The next contribution: Improvement of research, development and production) Introduction to the way forward in regulation, development and production of GM crops (5.1.). New look at regulation of GM crops: Revision of the Biosafety Protocol (5.2.). Proposal of new collaborative development schemes under the focus of feeding the world (5.3.). Proposal on how to reorganize agricultural and food production related agencies of the United Nations (5.4.).

1. Introduction
1.1. The general strategic situation of the debate about green biotechnology today
The aim of this text is to set the framework for a better communication about science and regulation and production of GM crops. GM stands for Genetic Modification, basically an unfortunate denomination, because actually all crops are genetically modified, but it is a worldwide accepted term for genetically engineered crops, including transgenes, auto- and allotransgenics, cis- and infra-genes and synthetic genes, for details see Beardmore (Beardmore, 1997). By including gene stacking of various kinds the situation is getting even more complex (Taverniers et al., 2008)

The strategic situation in the debate on GM crops is difficult, but not desperate, particularly in Europe – this is an evaluation shared by lots of experts of the debate about agricultural biotechnology, in Europe it is negatively affecting research and researchers (Rauschen, 2009). We have reached in Europe the peak of anxiety related to GM-crops since the introduction of the new technologies, and some opponents to transgenic crops have taken advantage of this situation. They have organized themselves in a veritable protest industry, see chapter 3. Nevertheless, the next years should lead to reassurance on biotechnology views. We encounter the same repeating dynamics as described for previous technology introductions (Showalter, 1997). The Gartner Hype Cycle (Linden & Fenn, 2003) adds another dimension to technology life cycle models: it characterizes the typical progression of an emerging technology from user and media over-enthusiasm through a period of disillusionment to an eventual understanding of the technology’s relevance and role in a market or domain. It is interesting to note, that the Showalter ‘hystories’ on the introduction of most new technologies (Showalter, 1997) report no real damage in their subsequent introductory phase – or – the benefits were so overwhelming that the debate was soon fading away. This alone demonstrates clearly that it is the socio-cultural environment strongly influencing the risk debate (Adams, 1995). The most recent events seem to hint that Europe finally finds to a more de-contracted way of looking at GM crops: The new report of the Royal Society (Royal-Society, 2009) tries to unite conventional and biotechnology approaches for the sake of making progress on agricultural management in developing countries:Royal Society Report:
“Past debates about agricultural technology have tended to involve different parties arguing for either advanced biotechnology including GM, improved conventional agricultural practice or low-input methods. We do not consider that these approaches are mutually exclusive: improvements to all systems require high-quality science. Global food insecurity is the product of a set of interrelated local problems of food production and consumption. The diversity of these problems needs to be reflected in the diversity of scientific approaches used to tackle them. Rather than focusing on particular scientific tools and techniques, the approaches should be evaluated in terms of their outcomes.”
It might well be that we arrive sooner than expected from a period of disillusionment to an eventual understanding of the technology’s relevance and role in a market or domain.

more text and all literature citations: http://www.ask-force.org/web/ASK-FORCE-Strategy/ASK-FORCE-Strategy-20100610-web.pdf
feedback to klaus dot ammann at ips dot unibe dot ch, on special request I will send for private use only an open source version of the full text

REGULATION: Misconcepts cause high costs and huge delays in regulation of GM-crops

2009-10-24T15:14:12+01:00

1. The issue
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) has now been adopted by 157 parties http://www.cbd.int/biosafety/signinglist.shtml. It still builds on the principle that GM crop plants might bare risks in contrast to the conventional crops: Objective of CPB http://www.cbd.int/biosafety/articles.shtml?a=cpb-01. The huge apparatus on risk assessment based on this protocol is building on the principle, that the mechanism of transgenicity is totally artificial and is not found in nature. Modern molecular science insights have proven the contrary, as shown in ASK-FORCE AF-9 on the molecular basis of transgenesis. This results in maintaining to an asymmetric risk assessment of innovation of GM crops. The possible exemption of widespread GM crops in Art. 7.4 http://www.cbd.int/biosafety/articles.shtml?a=cpb-07 is not even considered officially up to now.

2. Summary
An excellent summary graph is given in (Graff et al., 2009) in fig. 1b: innovations active in the R&D pipeline were growing at an increasing rate during the period before 1998, but declined after 1998. Apart from competition of reasonably close non-transgenic substitutes the authors consider one regulatory reason to be the main culprit: The halting of regulatory approvals in 1998 in Europe. Although the authors consider the full extent of reasons still to be conjectural, their data suggest that changes in regulatory environment may have been a cause. In a combination of high costs for lost implementation and high costs for regulatory approvals the present state and operational experience has grown into a major obstacle of modern crop breeding.
Commentary from Table 1: The primary survey combined records from scientific publications, field trial records and regulatory filings to identify 558 transgenic plants with quality improvements and determine how far they had progressed through stages of R&D by 2004, including those that had only been published in the scientific literature; those that had reached initial field trials (defined as having completed 1–3 field trials), mid-stage field trials (4–9 field trials) or advanced field trials (>10); those that had entered regulatory filings; and those that were commercialized. The secondary survey canvassed expectations of firms and analysts about the likelihood and time frame for future commercialization of transgenic product quality innovations. Complete one-to-one correspondence between individual observations of the two surveys was not possible.

More details and literature citations in:
http://www.botanischergarten.ch/AF-10-Over-Regulation/AF-10-Over-Regulation-20091220-web.pdf

REGULATION: is there really a big difference between GM- and non-GM-crops on the molecular level ? New version from April 23, 2010

2009-10-24T15:00:19+01:00

1. Issue
The difference between GM- and non-GM-crops has been overestimated, as soon as genetic engineering has been applied to crop breeding. The uncontested understanding among scientists and in particular in risk assessment community was that GM crops pose some novel risks, unprecedented in conventionally bred crops. This has then condensed in the United Nations Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety http://www.cbd.int/biosafety/, which needs to be questioned in certain basic aspects.
2. Summary
After an early phase of risk assessment, including the results of the Asilomar Conference on biosafety, an early divide in risk assessment basic concepts developed between Canada, the USA and Europe including a majority of UN signatory countries. Researchers like Werner Arber, based on earlier molecular insights and on his own experience in genetic engineering claim that related to molecular processes there is no difference between genetically engineering and natural mutation. This transatlantic divide can be solved with some more innovative regulatory proceedings.
For the details and an extensive literature list see:
http://www.ask-force.org/web/AF-9-Differences-GM-non-GM-crops/AF-9-Differences-GM-non-GM-crops-20100423-web.pdf
for comments, please write to klaus dot ammann at ips dot unibe, and on special request and for private use you can get an open source version of the full text

ENVIRONMENT - Is the impact of Bt maize on non-target insects significantly negative as Lovei et al. claim?

2009-08-31T15:24:34+01:00

Peer reviewed ASK-FORCE AF-8 Contribution Klaus Ammann, em. Prof. University of Bern, Switzerland

1. The Claim
Lovei, G. L., D. A. Andow and S. Arpaia (2009). “Transgenic Insecticidal Crops and Natural Enemies: A Detailed Review of Laboratory Studies.” Environmental Entomology 38: 293-306.
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/envent/2009/00000038/00000002/art00001

“This review uses a data-driven, quantitative method to summarize the published, peer-reviewed literature about the impact of genetically modified (GM) plants on arthropod natural enemies in laboratory experiments. The method is similar to meta-analysis, and, in contrast to a simple author-vote counting method used by several earlier reviews, gives an objective, data-driven summary of existing knowledge about these effects. Significantly more non-neutral responses were observed than expected at random in 75% of the comparisons of natural enemy groups and response classes. These observations indicate that Cry toxins and proteinase inhibitors often have non-neutral effects on natural enemies. This synthesis identifies a continued bias toward studies on a few predator species, especially the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, which may be more sensitive to GM insecticidal plants (16.8% of the quantifed parameter responses were significantly negative) than predators in general (10.9% significantly negative effects without C. carnea). Parasitoids were more susceptible than predators to the effects of both Cry toxins and proteinase inhibitors, with fewer positive effects (18.0%, significant and non-significant positive effects combined) than negative ones (66.1%, significant and non-significant negative effects combined). GM plants can have a positive effect on natural enemies (4.8% of responses were significantly positive), although significant negative (21.2%) effects were more common. Although there are data on 48 natural enemy species, the database is still far from adequate to predict the effect of a Bt toxin or proteinase inhibitor on natural enemies”.
(Lovei et al., 2009).

2. Comments by Shelton et al.
Shelton, A., Naranjo, S., Romeis, J., Hellmich, R., Wolt, J., Federici, B., Albajes, R., Bigler, F., Burgess, E., Dively, G., Gatehouse, A., Malone, L., Roush, R., Sears, M., & Sehnal, F. (2009)
Setting the record straight: a rebuttal to an erroneous analysis on transgenic insecticidal crops and natural enemies. Transgenic Research, 18, 3, pp 317-322
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-009-9260-5 open access AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Bt/Shelton-Setting-Record-Straight-Lovei-2009.pdf

In a nearly unprecedented speed (Lovei et al., 2009) has been rebutted sharply by (Shelton et al., 2009), a worldwide consortium of specialists on research of non-target insects related to Bt crops: In an unusual straightforward text they criticize heavily the previous publication, and the author of this study agrees fully: it is time to recognize that such studies, even when published in peer reviewed journals, do not help to progress scientific risk assessment of GM crops, on the contrary, they hinder future developments by providing to highly questionable arguments a scientific aura. The pitfalls are not easy to see, due to the complexity of the matter (food webs of parasitoid insects and their prey over development and time). For lay persons, politicians and even regulators it is difficult to develop a critical view and to distinguish junk science from high quality papers.

“As scientists involved in risk assessment of transgenic insecticidal plants, we are greatly concerned about the publication by (Lovei et al., 2009) implying that insect-protected crops based on the Cry proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis may have substantial negative impacts on non-target organisms. We believe that (Lovei et al., 2009) use inappropriate and unsound methods for risk assessment that have led them to reach conclusions that are in conflict with those of several recent comprehensive reviews and metaanalyses (e.g., (Marvier et al., 2007; Naranjo, 2009; O’Callaghan et al., 2005; Romeis et al., 2006; Wolfenbarger et al., 2008). (Lovei et al., 2009) base their findings on an analysis of 55 laboratory studies of Cry proteins and 27 studies of proteinase inhibitors (PIs; including lectins) that were published through mid-2007 and conclude that these proteins ‘‘often have non-neutral effects on natural enemies’’. They further conclude that ‘‘parasitoids were more susceptible than predators to the effects of both (toxins)’’ and that ‘‘conclusions that Bt…gene products have no harm to natural enemies are currently over-generalized and premature’’. We are deeply concerned about the inappropriate methods used in their paper, the lack of ecological context, and the authors’ advocacy of how laboratory studies on non-target arthropods should be conducted and interpreted. Essentially, the authors have conducted a data-mining exercise without prior elaboration of a risk hypothesis framework (Romeis et al., 2008) that can provide context to their findings and interpretations. Therefore, we believe it is very important that readers consider the following points as they read (Lovei et al., 2009).”

for more text click: http://www.botanischergarten.ch/AF-8-Lovei/AF-8-Lovei-Non-Target-20090828-web.pdf

for feedback email to klaus dot ammann at ips dot unibe dot ch